Hera y Helena reimaginadas: el espejo en la Helena de Eurípides
Resumen
Este estudio intenta arrojar luz sobre el reflejo (mirroring) entre Hera y Helena en la obra Helena de Eurípides. Al tiempo que incorpora el análisis intertextual, los mitos tradicionales y los datos religiosos, la investigación se centra principalmente en el texto dramático para determinar cómo estos reflejos armonizan con los temas centrales de la obra, sirven a la trama y resaltan las innovaciones del poeta.
Citas
AUSTIN, N. (2008): Helen of Troy and her Shameless Phantom, Cornell University Press, Ithaca - London.
BAKOLA, E. (2008): «The Drunk, the Reformer and theTeacher: Agonistic Poetics and the Construction of Persona in the Comic Poets of the Fifth Century», Cambridge Classical Journal 54: 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1750270500000555.
BARDIS, P. D. (1988): «Heavenly Hera Heralds Heroines: Peace through Crosscultural Feminist Symbols and Myths», International Journal on World Peace 5 (4): 89-111.
BENAMATI, G. (2025): «The Breaking Wave: Trikymia and the Poetics of Natural Disaster in Euripides’ Drama», Skenè: Journal of Theatre and Drama Studies 11 (2): 171-186. https://doi.org/10.13136/sxk79h61.
BERNABÉ, A. (2017): «Hera in the Homeric Hymns», Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57 (2-3): 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1556/068.2017.57.2-3.2.
BIERL, A. (2020): «Paratragic Fragmentation and Patchwork-Citation as Comic Aesthetics: The Potpourri Use of Euripides’ Helen and Andromeda in Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazousae and Their Symbolic Meaning», A. LAMARI- F. MONTANARI - A. NOVOKHATKO (eds.), Fragmentation in Ancient Greek Drama, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 453-480.
BILLINGS, J. (2017): «The ‘Smiling Mask’ of Bacchae», The Classical Quarterly 67 (1): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838817000143.
BLUNDELL, S. (1995): «The Olympian Goddesses: Virgins and Mothers», S. BLUNDELL Women in Ancient Greece, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 25-46.
BOEDEKER, D. (2016): «Hera and the Return of Charaxos», A. BIERL - A. LARDINOIS (eds.), The Newest Sappho: P. Sapph. Obbink and P. GC inv. 105, Frs. 1-4: Studies in Archaic and Classical Greek Song, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden - Boston, pp. 188-207.
BROWN, A. (1978): «Wretched Tales of Poets: Euripides, Heracles 1340-6», Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 24: 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068673500004004.
BURNETT, A. P. (1971): Catastrophe Survived: Euripides’ Plays of Mixed Reversal, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
CAMUS, A. (1955): «Helen’s exile», A. CAMUS, The Myth of Sisyphus, J. O’BRIEN (tr.), Vintage Books, London, pp. 134-138.
CHATZIKOSTA, S. (2024): «The Wretched Tales of ἀοιδοὶ Once Again: Euripides’ Heracles 1340-1346», Π. Καρπουζου [κ.α.] (επιμ.), Ο Περίπλους της Θεωρίας της Λογοτεχνίας, Gutenberg, Αθήνα, σσ. 271-284.
CLADER, L. L. (1976): Helen: The Evolution from Divine to Heroic in Greek Epic Tradition, Brill, Leiden.
CLARK, I. (1998): «The Gamos of Hera: Myth and Ritual», S. BLUNDELL - M. WILLIAMSON (eds.), The Sacred and the Feminine in Ancient Greece, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 13-26.
CLASSEN, C. J. (1959): «The Libyan God Ammon in Greece before 331 B.C.», Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 8 (3): 349-355.
CONSTANTINIDOU, S. (2004): «Helen and Pandora: A Comparative Study on the Eidolon Theme as a Concept of Eris», Δωδώνη 33: 165-241.
DAMEN, M. (1989): «Actor and Character in Greek Tragedy», Theatre Journal 41 (3): 316-340.
D’ANGOUR, A. (1998): The Dynamics of Innovation: Newness and Novelty in the Athens of Aristophanes [Diss.], University College London.
ΔΕΚΑΖΟυ-ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΠΟυΛΟυ, Φ. (2000): Παυσανίου Λατρευτικά: Τα Λατρευτικά Επίθετα και οι Θεσμικές τους Αναφορές στην «Περιήγηση» του Παυσανία, Ελληνικά Γράμματα, Αθήνα.
DETIENNE, M. - VERNANT, J.-P. (1991): Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society, J. LLOYD (tr.), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
DILLON, M. (2002): Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion, Routledge, London - New York.
DOWNING, E. (1990): «Apatê, Agôn, and Literary Self-Reflexivity in Euripides’ Helen», M. GRIFITH - D. MASTRONARDE (eds.), Cabinet of the Muses, Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 1-16.
DOYLE, A. (2009): «Aeschylus’ Pandora-Helen in the Agamemnon», Akroterion 54: 11-27. https://doi.org/10.7445/54-0-24.
EDMUNDS, L. (2016): Stealing Helen: The Myth of the Abducted Wife in Comparative Perspective, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
ELDERKIN, G. W. (1937): «The Marriage of Zeus and Hera and Its Symbol», American Journal of Archaeology 41 (3): 424-435.
FERRARI, G. (2002): Figures of Speech: Men and Maidens in Ancient Greece, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
FESTA, A. (2020): «Euboean Hera», Aevum 94 (1): 3-34.
FOLEY, H. P. (1980): «The Masque of Dionysus», Transactions of the American Philological Association 110: 107-133.
FONGONI, A. (2025): «Tragic Duality and Gender Identity: The Sister Pairs in Sophoclean Tragedy», Dionysus Ex Machina 16: 1-22.
FRANZONI, C. (2020). «Correggio, the Humanists and the Homeric Nēpenthes», Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 83: 337-347. https://doi.org/10.1086/JWCI83010337.
FRONTISI-DUCROUX, F. - VERNANT, J.-P. (1997): Dans l’ œil du miroir, Éditions Odile Jacob, Paris.
GIACCO, M. - MARCHETTI, C. M. (2017):«Hera as Protectress of Marriage, Childbirth, and Motherhood in Magna Graecia», Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57: 337-360. https://doi.org/10.1556/068.2017.57.2-3.16.
HANNAH, R. (2002): «Imaging the Cosmos: Astronomical Ekphraseis in Euripides», Ramus 31: 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048671X0000134X.
HICKS, R. I. (1962). «Egyptian Elements in Greek Mythology», Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 93: 90-108. https://doi.org/10.2307/283753.
HIND, J. (1996): «Achilles and Helen on White Island in the Euxine Sea: Side B of Portland Vase», G. R. TSETSKHLADZE (ed.), New Studies on the Black Sea Littoral, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 59-62.
HOLMBERG, I. E. (1995): «Euripides’ Helen: Most Noble and Most Chaste», The American Journal of Philology 116 (1): 19-42.
HOMAR, R. (2024): «Poetry and Handcrafts in Epic and Pindaric Scholia: ἀναπλάττω in Context», Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 64: 600-625.
HOPMAN, M. (2012): «Narrative and Rhetoric in Odysseus’ Tales to the Phaeacians», The American Journal of Philology 133 (1): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1353/AJP.2012.0007.
JASZCZYńSKI, M. (2018): «Indo-European Roots of the Helen of Troy», Studia Ceranea 8: 11-22. https://doi.org/10.18778/2084-140X.08.01. [ResearchGate].
JOHNSTON, S. I. (1992):«Xanthus, Hera and the Erinyes (Iliad 19.400-418)», Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 122: 85-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/284366.
JORDAN, D. R. (2006): «Patterns and Laughter in Euripides’ Helen», Symbolae Osloenses 81 (1): 6-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00397670701492283.
ΚΑΚΡιΔηΣ, ι. Θ. (1985): Το Μήνυμα του Ομήρου, Εστία, Αθήνα.
KÖLLIGAN, D. - MACEDO, J. M. (2015): «Δασπλῆτις Ἐρινύς», Glotta 91: 129-151.
KOTT, J. (1965): Shakespeare our Contemporary, Methuem & Co. Ltd, London.
KNOX, B. M. W. (1966): «Second Thoughts in Greek Tragedy», Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 7: 213-232.
KOPESTONSKY, T. (2016): «The Greek Cult of The Nymphs at Corinth», Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 85 (4): 711-777.
KORNAROU, E. (2020): «Divine and Human Action in Euripides’ Helen», Fortunatae 32 (2): 283-294. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2020.32.19.
LEVINE, D. B. (1983): «Penelope’s Laugh: Odyssey 18.163», The American Journal of Philology 104 (2): 172-178.
LORD, A. (2010): «‘A Song to Match My Song’: Lyric Doubling in Euripides’ Helen», P. MITSIS - C. TSAGALIS (eds.), Allusion, Authority, and Truth, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 283-302.
LYONS, D. J. (1997): Gender and Immortality: Heroines in Ancient Greek Myth and Cult, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
MACLACHLAN, B. (2007): «Introduction», B. MACLACHLAN - J. FLETCHER (eds.), Virginity Revisited: Configurations of the Unpossessed Body, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 3-12.
MARREN, M. (2023): «Achilles’ Character as a Critique of Warmongering Ideals in the Iliad», ΣΧΟΛη: A Journal of the Center for Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 17 (2): 550-565. https://doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2023-17-2-550-565.
MCCARTY, W. (1989): «The Shape of the Mirror: Metaphorical Catoptrics in Classical Literature», Arethusa 22 (2): 161-195.
MCDERMOTT, E. A. (1991): «Double Meaning and Mythic Novelty in Euripides’ Plays», Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 121: 123-132.
MELTZER, G. S. (1994): «“Where Is the Glory of Troy?” “Kleos” in Euripides’ “Helen”», Classical Antiquity 13 (2): 234-255.
MICHELAKIS, P. (2002): Achilles in Greek Tragedy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MITCHELL, L. G. (2001): «Euboean Io», The Classical Quarterly 51 (2): 339-352. https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/51.2.339.
MITSIS, P. (2010): «Achilles Polytropos and Odysseus as Suitor: Iliad 9.307-429», P. MITSIS - C. TSAGALIS (eds.), Allusion, Authority, and Truth, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 51-76.
NAGY, G. (2010):«Review of “The Origins of Greek Poetic Language[M.L.] West Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007”», The Classical Review 60 (2): 333-338.
NTANOU, E. (2020): «HAC ArethusaTENUS (Met. 5. 642): Geography and Poetics in Ovid’s Arethusa», A. SHARROCK - D. MÖLLER - M. MALM (eds.), Metamorphic Readings:Transformation, Language and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 84-103.
O’BRIEN, J. (1990): «Homer’s Savage Hera», The Classical Journal 86: 105-125.
O’BRIEN, J. (1993): The Transformation of Hera: A Study of Ritual, Hero, and the Goddess in the Iliad, Rowman & Littlefield, Inc., Lanham.
O’HARA, J. J. (1996): «Sostratus Suppl. Hell. 733: A Lost, Possibly Catullan-Era Elegy on the Six Sex Changes of Tiresias», Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-) 126: 173-219.
PARKER, R. [s.d.]:«TheCult of Helen and Menelaos in the Spartan Menelaion», [s.n., s.l.]. https://www.academia.edu/22684765/The_Cult_of_Helen_and_Menelaos_in_the_Spartan_Menelaion?sm=a&rhid=37330122033 (accessed: 27/03/2026).
PERYSINAKIS, I. N. (1998): «Pindar’s Imagery of Poetry: The Nemean Odes», Δωδώνη 27: 17-68.
PIRENNE-DELFORGE, V. - PIRONTI, G. - GRAF, F. (2022): The Hera of Zeus: Intimate Enemy, Ultimate Spouse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
PUCCI, P. (2012): «Helen’s Many Faces: Euripides in the Cultural Crisis at the End of the Vth Century», Quaderni Urbinati Di Cultura Classica 100 (1): 49-65.
RABEL, R. J. (1990): «Apollo as a Model for Achilles in the Iliad», The American Journal of Philology 111 (4): 429-440.
ROSEN, R. M. (1990): «Poetry and Sailing in Hesiod’s ‘Works and Days’», Classical Antiquity 9 (1): 99-113.
ROSENMEYER, T. G. (1955): «Gorgias, Aeschylus, and Apatē», The American Journal of Philology 76 (3): 225-260.
ΡΟυΣΣΟΣ, Ε. Ν. (1986a): «η Ήρα», ι. Θ. ΚΑΚΡιΔηΣ (επιμ.), Ελληνική Μυθολογία: Οι Θεοί, Τομ. 2, Εκδοτική Αθηνών, Αθήνα, σσ. 90-98.
ΡΟυΣΣΟΣ, Ε. Ν. (1986b): «Οι Έρωτες του Δία. Γυναίκες και Παιδιά του Δία», ι. Θ. ΚΑΚΡιΔηΣ (επιμ.), Ελληνική Μυθολογία: Οι Θεοί, Τομ. 2, Εκδοτική Αθηνών, Αθήνα, σσ. 79-85.
ROZOKOKI, A. (2011): «The Significance of the Ancestry and Eastern Origins of Helen of Sparta», Quaderni Urbinati Di Cultura Classica 98 (2): 35-69.
SAN CRISTÓBAL, A. I. J. (2017): «The So-called Lesbian Triad: Zeus, Hera and Dionysos», Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57 (2-3): 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1556/068. 2017.57.2-3.3.
SCANLON, T. F. (1988): «Virgineum Gymnasium: Spartan Females and Early Greek Athletics», W. J. RASCHKE (ed.), The Archaeology of the Olympics: The Olympics and Other Festivals in Antiquity, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp. 185-216.
SCULLION, S. (1999): «Tradition and Invention in Euripidean Aitiology», M. J. CROPP - K. H. LEE - D. SANSONE (eds.), Euripides and Tragic Theatre in the Late Fifth Century, Stipes Publishing, Champaign (Illinois) (= Illinois Classical Studies 24/25), pp. 217-233.
SKOUROUMOUNI-STAVRINOU, A. (2015): «The Opsis of Helen: PerformativeIntertextuality in Euripides», Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 55: 104-132.
SEAFORD, R. (1998): «In the Mirror of Dionysos», S. BLUNDELL - M. WILLIAMSON (eds.), The Sacred and the Feminine in Ancient Greece, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 128-146.
SEGAL, C. (1971): «The Two Worlds of Euripides’ Helen», Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 102: 553-614.
SEGAL, C. (1982): Dionysiac Poetics and Euripides’ Bacchae, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
SKUTSCH, O. (1987): «Helen, Her Name and Nature», The Journal of Hellenic Studies 107: 188-193. https://doi.org/10.2307/630087.
SMOOT, G. (2016):«Helenos and the Polyphyletic Etymologies of Helen», Classical Inquiries [2016.05.03]. https://classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/helenos-and-the-polyphyletic-etymologies-ofhelen/.
STEIGER, H. (1908): «Wie entstand die Helena des Euripides?», Philologus 67 (1-4): 202-237.
SWIFT, L. A. (2009): «How to Make a Goddess Angry: Making Sense of the Demeter Ode in Euripides’ Helen», Classical Philology 104 (4): 418-438. https://doi.org/10.1086/650978.
SWIFT, L. A. (2010): The Hidden Chorus: Echoes of Genre inTragic Lyric, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
ΣωΤηΡΟΠΟυΛΟυ, Γ. (2017): «Ευριπίδης, Ἑλένη 1337-1352», Μ. ι. ΓιΟΣη - Α. Δ. ΜΕΛιΣΤΑ (επιμ.), Εξαίσιοι Γέλωτες: το Γέλιο στην Αρχαία Ελληνική Γραμματεία, Σμίλη, Αθήνα, σσ. 650-664.
TAPLIN, O. (1978): Greek Tragedy in Action, Methuen & Co. LTD, London.
TORRANCE, I. (2010): «Writing and Self-Conscious Mythopoiēsis in Euripides», The Cambridge Classical Journal 56: 213-258. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1750270500000336.
TORRANCE, I. (2013): Metapoetry in Euripides, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
VALTADOROU, A.-S. (2020): Eros, Euripides and a Re-evaluation of Greek Sexuality with Particular Reference to Alcestis, Andromache, Andromeda, Antigone and Helen [Diss.], University of Edinburgh.
VERNANT, J.-P. (1984): «Der reflektierte Mythos», C. LEVI-STRAUSS - J.-P. VERNANT, Mythos ohne Illusion, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, pp. 7-11.
VERNANT, J.-P. (1990): Figures, idols, masques, Julliard, Paris.
VOELKE, P. (1996): «Beauté d’Hélène et rituel féminin dans l’Hélène d’Euripide», Kernos 9: 281-296. https://doi.org/10.4000/KERNOS.1177.
WALKER, H. J. (2015): The Twin Horse Gods: the Dioskouroi in Mythologies of the Ancient World, I.B. Tauris, London - New York.
WALLENSTEN, J. (2014): «Dedications to Double Deities: Syncretism or simply syntax?», Kernos 27: 159-176. https://doi.org/10.4000/kernos.2278.
WEBSTER, T. B. L. (1968): «Euripides: Traditionalist and Innovator», D. C. ALLEN - H. T. ROWELL, The Poetic Tradition: Essays on Greek, Latin and English Poetry, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 27-45.
WEIBERG, E. L. (2020): «The Bed and theTomb:The Materiality of Signs in Euripides’ Helen», Mnemosyne 73 (5): 729-749. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568525X-12342724.
WEST, M. L. (2007): Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
WILSON, P. (1992): «Protean Aspects of Change in Euripides’ Medea», Anthós Journal 1 (3): 129-136.
WORMAN, N. (2001): «This voice which is not one: Helen’s verbal guises in Homeric Epic», A. LARDINOIS - L. MCCLURE (eds.), Making Silence Speak: Women’s Voices in Greek Literature and Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 19-37.
WRIGHT, M. (2006): «Orestes, a Euripidean Sequel», The Classical Quarterly, New Series 56: 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838806000048.
WRIGHT, M. (2008): Euripides: Orestes, Bloomsbury, London.
WRIGHT, M. (2010): «The Tragedian as Critic: Euripides and Early Greek Poetics», The Journal of Hellenic Studies 130: 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075426910000066.
WRIGHT, M. (2016): «Seventeen Types of Ambiguity in Euripides’ Helen», L. HAU - I. RUFFELL (eds.), Truth and History in the Ancient World: Pluralizing the Past, Routledge, London, pp. 55-80.
ΞΕΝιΔΟυ-SCHILD, Β. (1998): «η Ήρα: Παρθένος, Τελεία και Χήρα», Αρχαιολογία & Τέχνες 68: 14-19.
YALOURIS, N. (1950): «Athena als Herrin der Pferde», Museum Helveticum 7 (1): 19-64.
YOSSI, M. J. (2015): «Mirroring Bacchae», Parabasis: Journal of the Department of Theatre Studies of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 13 (1): 71-80.
YUNIS, H. (1988): A New Creed: Fundamental Religious Beliefs in the Athenian Polis and Euripidean Drama, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen.
ZEITLIN, F. I. (1980): «The Closet of Masks: Role-playing and Myth-making in the Orestes of Euripides», Ramus 9: 51-77.
ZEITLIN, F. I. (1994): «The Artful Eye: Vision, Ekphrasis, and Spectacle in Euripidean Drama», S. GOLDHILL - R. OSBORNE (eds.), Art and Text in Ancient Greek Culture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 138-196.
ZEITLIN, F. I. (2010): «The Lady Vanishes: Helen and Her Phantom in Euripidean Drama», P. MITSIS - C. TSAGALIS (eds.), Allusion, Authority, and Truth: Critical Perspectives on Greek Poetic and Rhetorical Praxis, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 263-282.
ZEITLIN, F. I. (2019): «Life Trajectories: Iphigenia, Helen and Achilles on the Black Sea», D. BRAUND - E. HALL - R. WYLES (eds.), Ancient Theatre and Performance Culture Around the Black Sea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 453-469.
Derechos de autor 2026 Fortunatae
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación del trabajo al igual que licenciarlo bajo una Creative Commons Attribution License que permite a otros compartir el trabajo con un reconocimiento de la autoría del trabajo y la publicación inicial en esta revista.
Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
